The overthrow of the Manchu Empire in 1911-12 was accompanied by an upsurge of rising nationalism, the driving force behind the 4th May Movement of 1919 which unleashed ideas that ran through 20th century China. The revolution spurred demonstrators to take to the streets, but their impact made little impression on the ruling military. Here the arsenal at Nanking in the 1870s developed with foreign advice and funds.